Tempering (tadka) adds an immediate aromatic lift. Use a small pan, medium heat, and clarified butter or oil. Add mustard seeds, cumin, or curry leaves in sequence, finishing with asafoetida for depth when appropriate.
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When tempering, heat fat first until shimmering, then add whole spices so they sizzle. Be prepared to move fast: remove from heat if spices brown too quickly. For tempering over lentils or vegetables, prepare the base and pour the hot tempering immediately to release oils. For events, keep tempering separate and finish tableside for sensory impact.